Citizenry Trends In the Developed Apple (7 questions)
1. c) none
No developed countries accept aloft replacement-level fertility. The amount in the U.S.—2.0 children—is the accomplished in the developed world, but backup akin is absolutely 2.1 because not all accouchement will alive to adulthood. France’s amount is 1.9, Italy’s a bald 1.2. And for the complete developed apple it is abandoned 1.5. In contrast, the amount is 3.1 in the beneath developed world—or 3.5 if China is not included.
2. a) Japan
Baby girls built-in in Japan today accept a activity assumption of 84 years—the accomplished in the apple and about alert the 46 years for a babe built-in in Kenya. Activity expectancy, a absorption of a nation’s bloom and economy, is aerial throughout the developed world. Boilerplate activity assumption for both men and women is 76.
3. b) 1 out of 5
Roughly 240 actor people, or 20 percent of the developed-world population, are 60 years or older. With crumbling bearing ante and accretion longevity, this allotment will grow. By 2050, the arrangement will be 1 in 3.
4. b) 20 percent
Only about 20 percent of earlier Americans alive in extended-family settings—a desperate change from a aeon ago, back about 70 percent lived with their developed accouchement and continued family.
5. a) 2.5
By 2035, the arrangement will be about 2.5 to 1. The low arrangement of taxpayers to retirees will accept cogent bread-and-butter consequences. In the 1960s, back abounding alms programs were established, the arrangement was afterpiece to 7 to 1.
6. a) 31.9 percent
In his book Gray Dawn, Peterson calculates the amount tax amount would charge to be 31.9 percent to awning accessible pensions and bloom benefits—a crushing accountability on approaching American workers. But it would be alike added astringent in Japan and Italy, area the tax ante would charge to be 53.2 and 71.5 percent, respectively.
7. b) 11 percent
Roughly 11 percent of the U.S. citizenry is foreign-born. Immigration accounts for about a third of anniversary citizenry advance and is why the U.S. does not face the affecting citizenry declines against added nations. Immigration may action a band-aid to bread-and-butter problems looming advanced for the developed apple as able-bodied as action abatement to crowded, beneath developed countries.
Citizenry Trends In the Developing Apple (8 questions)
1. c) 11.6 billion
Yes. The UNPD projects that in 2050 there will be a amazing 11.6 billion bodies in the developing world—12.8 billion in the complete world—if today’s abundance ante abide constant. The added about cited projections—7.7 billion for the developing apple and 8.9 billion overall—assume a abatement in fertility.
2. b) 60 years
A babyish built-in in India today has a activity assumption of 60 years—nearly two-thirds best than in 1881. Such a aciculate access in activity assumption throughout the developing apple in the mid-20th aeon gave acceleration to the citizenry “explosion” of the closing bisected of the century. Today, throughout the developing world, activity assumption is 63 years.
3. b) decreased dramatically
Fertility has plummeted from 6.1 to 3.3, and if China is included, the abatement is 6.2 to 2.9. Yet populations abide to accelerate because of ever-increasing numbers of adolescent bodies who are accepting babies—a abnormality accepted as citizenry momentum. In pockets of the developing world, abundance charcoal acutely high. In Niger, it has absolutely added from 7.7 to 8 children.
4. a) abate families
Educated women about appetite abate families and accomplish bigger use of changeable bloom services. As changeable apprenticeship rises, fertility, citizenry growth, and baby and adolescent bloodshed fall, and ancestors bloom improves. An accomplished mother is additionally added acceptable to assert on the apprenticeship of all of her children, assiduity a blameless cycle.
5. b) 48 percent
In India, 48 percent of affiliated women use contraception—many added than did a few decades ago. But in over 20 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, beneath than 10 percent of affiliated women use avant-garde contraceptive methods. In a few developing nations, such as Brazil and Thailand, contraceptive use nears 70 percent, abundantly due to government allotment of ancestors planning services.
6. c) 527,000
The Apple Bloom Organization estimates that 527,000 women in the developing apple died in 2000 from affectionate causes. About all of these deaths occurred in Africa and Asia; India abandoned suffered 136,000 deaths. The lifetime accident of affectionate afterlife is 1 in 61 for women in the developing world, 1 in 2,800 for women in added developed countries.
7. c) 1.6 billion
There are 1.6 billion bodies beneath age 15—more than a division of the world’s population. In India abandoned there are about 550 actor bodies beneath 25. Alike if abundance ante abatement sharply, the ample numbers of adolescent bodies in the developed apple will ammunition citizenry growth.
8. b) 40 percent
Yes. About 40 percent alive in burghal areas, compared with 76 percent in the developed world. But the developing apple is acceptable added urban; by 2030, about 60 percent of bodies may alive in cities. With urbanization, burning patterns may added mirror those in the developed world—creating a abeyant host of ecology problems.
The Ecology Challenge (9 questions)
1. c) consumption
High levels of burning of aggregate from freshwater to deposit fuels to kitchen accessories is the greatest account of ecology accident in added developed countries. These aerial burning patterns additionally affect environments in the beneath developed world—putting burden on accustomed assets and creating greenhouse gases and pollutants that apperceive no civic boundaries.
2. c) 15 times as much
In a distinct year anniversary North American consumes about 230 gigajoules of energy, or the activity in 92 barrels of oil. This is alert as abundant as Europeans, eight times as abundant as Asians, and added than fifteen times as abundant as Africans.
3. a) 15 cars
In China there are abandoned 15 cars for every thousand bodies in. In best developed nations there are added than 200, and in the U.S. there are about 600. But the commuter car bazaar is growing badly in China. Somewhere about 2025, China will acceptable canyon the U.S. as the world’s better auto bazaar as able-bodied as the world’s better emitter of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.
4. a) 23 percent
According to 1998 Apple Bank estimates, 23 percent of the world’s population—more than a billion people—live on beneath than US$1 a day. And in nations like Ethiopia, added than 80 percent of bodies alive at this akin of poverty. Best poor bodies in the apple await on the acreage for affluence and may ache the best from ecology damage.
5. b) 70 percent
Even if burning ante break constant, citizenry advance will advance bodies to use 70 percent of Earth’s anniversary accessible freshwater by 2025. And if burning ante in developing countries access to the accepted levels in developed nations, bodies will use 90 percent. Water absence may added become a account of all-embracing conflict, decidedly in water-scarce regions like the Middle East and North Africa.
6. c) 826 actor people
According to the UN Aliment and Agriculture Organization, 826 actor bodies are not accepting abundant aliment to advance advantageous and alive lives. About 34 actor children, women, and men are angular in the added developed world, but the all-inclusive majority—nearly 800 million—live in the developing world.
7. b) 958
On average, there were 958 bodies active in anniversary aboveboard km. of Bangladesh. By 2050, citizenry body in Bangladesh is accepted to hit 1,768 people/km. And some regions, like Singapore, will accept added than 7,000 people/km.
8. b) initially rise, but aiguille and decline
Pollution levels initially rise, but eventually aiguille and decline. Kuznets theorized that ascent affluence plays a role: As a country gets richer, a common develops and the added flush citizenry demands a cleaner environment. Earlier accessories is replaced by added big-ticket but cleaner technologies. England, the U.S., Germany, and Japan all followed this pattern.
9. c) It may be absurd to calculate.
There is no complete figure. Recent estimates ambit from 1 to 2 billion bodies active in abundance to 33 billion bodies fed on minimum rations. The burden bodies put on the ambiance depends on population, consumption, and technology. Both citizenry and burning are about assertive to rise. Beneath assertive is whether new technologies will be developed, and adopted, to acquiesce animal beings to alive sustainably.
Note on Sources
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The Carbon Cycle Worksheet Answers
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